Compare And Contrast Penelope And Penny In The Odyssey

Penelope and Penny are a similar character in various circumstances. Penelope is the spouse of Odysseus in the book The Odyssey, Penny is a similar character however in the motion picture. Penny and Penelope have a great deal of similitudes that all associates with their spouses Odysseus in the book The Odyssey and Everett in the film O sibling where craftsmanship thou. Penelope and Penny are hitched to men of experience, the ways they handle their relationship uncovers the sort of lady they are. Penelope and Penny are lady associated with Odysseus and Everett. Two men were unbelievable for a considerable length of time. Whenever, Eurycleia (the old medical attendant) revealed to Penelope that Odysseus returned from his voyage, she†¦show more content†¦She discovers that it was Odysseus when she advises Eurycleia to move the durable bedstead out of the their wedding chamber. Odysseus answers by saying Lady your words, they slice me profoundly! Who could move my bed, outlandish errand, notwithstanding for some gifted craftsman.(Page 461 line 205) that is the point at which she knows its him. There relationship gets from where they exited it years back. Neither does she ask Odysseus addresses that may tear up there relationship/marriage. At the point when Everett returns he too needs to begin where he cleared out off with Penny. Penny wasnt exceptionally sympathetic at first; she would not like to give him a shot. When she at last allows him to re-wed Everett, she need s her significant other to get her old ring, as long as he doesnt get her old ring she wont wed him. Penny is to some degree an egotistical individual; on the off chance that she doesnt get her direction then every other person endures with her. It appears like Everett tries to make Penny cheerful, however it generally comes up short. Its like Penny sees his exertion in any case, until the point when everything is immaculate and the way she needs it to be at that point, everybody will endure with her. The motion picture Penny is a similar individual, who knows her better half Everett is attempting his

Is Athletic Training Effective Teaching Essay - 1983 Words

According to the School of HMSLS reappointment, tenure, and promotion policies for teaching effectiveness for assistant professors, it is my responsibility to demonstrate effective teaching and to show steady improvements in my teaching effectiveness. Teaching Philosophy My teaching philosophy focuses on offering students accurate, comprehensive, and intellectually challenging course learning environments by presenting the theories behind topics as well as research supporting or refuting contemporary practices. I feel my pedagogical approach encourages students to understand and to actively participate in the process of scientific discovery. Because athletic training is a clinically-oriented field, I teach the fundamental concepts and principles in a manner that encourages the students to develop critical thinking skills, know and participate in case-based learning, and perform well in clinical settings. As a result of these pedagogical practices, students can directly apply their basic and fundamental knowledge (e.g., theories of rehabilitation) and translate it into clinical practices (e.g., directing a rehabilitation plan for a patient). I believe my approach encourages them to be more engaged and to ask appropriate questions within their clinic al settings. As future clinicians, students should be prepared to ask questions and converse about the topic at hand. Finally, health professions such as Athletic Training demand that students master a large amount ofShow MoreRelatedThe College Mount St. Joseph1517 Words   |  7 PagesJacob Hornberger Ms. Pugh Eng 12, Block 6th 13 Feb 2017 Hornberger Master Document The college Mount St. Joseph, which offers Sports Medicine, and Athletic Training undergraduate degree, and as a major, presides in Cincinnati, Ohio. Information from SparkBox states that MSJ was established by the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati in the year 1920, as the first Catholic University for women living in southwestern Ohio. The first year of its opening, the only attending students were 20 female studentsRead MoreAthletic Director1166 Words   |  5 PagesOverview An athletic director (commonly athletics director or AD) is an administrator at many american colleges and universities, as well as in larger high schools and middle schools, who oversees the work of coaches and related staff involved in intercollegiate or interscholastic athletic programs (ehow.com). They are in charge of an athletic department at a high school, college or university and at some colleges, the athletic director may hold academic rank. They are usually consideredRead MoreUnderstanding The Learning Style Of The Target Academic Audience1310 Words   |  6 Pagesthey become scant once the concept of athletics is further introduced. Therein lies the knowledge gap that this research project will begin to fill. In order to build the academic basis for this research, the literature has been presented in sections, beginning with learning styles and personality traits, continuing with testing and survey administration, and ending with athletic coaching. Of note, while the references and resources involving athletes and athletics are limited, there is existing researchRead MoreIntroduction Of Sudden Cardiac Death2915 Words   |  12 PagesNational Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) requires BOC (Board of Certification) certified athletic trainers to be educated, trained, and evaluated in six major practice domains. 4 Prevention and clinical evaluation are two of the six domains. The American Heart Association suggests that pre-screening athletes can improve the detection of cardiac abnormalities. 5 Athletic Trainers are increasingly required to be the health care professionals administering pre-participation physicals. Athletic trainersRead MoreQualities Of A Wonderful Teacher Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesI dreamed of my future college adventures. I pictured myself receiving a full-ride to a major college because of my athletic ability and academic success. As the years progressed, I came to realize that earning a scholarshi p through sports wasn’t nearly as easy as I had once believed. Luckily, I was able to grasp this idea early on in high school, and although I enjoyed athletics, I now understood that the likeliness of my future including sports was marginal. Due to the many conversations andRead MoreJustification of Scheme of Work Essay example1048 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching for learning 2: Justification for scheme of work 0805064 Angie Newton Planning as a whole is an essential aspect of teaching and is even more effective when it’s a process that is collaborative with your colleagues and pupils, therefore enhancing the effectiveness of your teaching (DCFS, 2011, Mawer, 1995). Schemes of work are a long term planning solution, which identify the learning opportunities across a whole school year (Gower, 2004). The framework is broad, so to go alongsideRead MoreMy Life Of A Scholarship Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesI dreamed of my future college adventures. I pictured myself receiving a full-ride to a major college because of my athletic ability and academic success. As the years progressed, I came to realize that earning a scholarship through sports wasn’t nearly as easy as I had once believed. Luckily, I was able to grasp this idea early on in high school, and although I enjoyed athletics, I now understood that the likeliness of my future including sports was marginal. Due to the many conversations and Read MoreCoaching Vs. Private Development Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pagesof sports groups. Coaching may be a variety of coaching or teaching, usually involving matched support (a coach and a learner or coached ), geared toward serving to an individual improve, typically in a {very} very sensible sense. During this respect it may well be same that work differs from the coaching and teaching of teams targeted on data transfer and theoretical application. That said, the term coaching - like training - is extremely general. The word work in itself is non-specificRead MoreRoles And Experiences That A Health Care Manager Goes Through Outside Of Class1032 Words   |  5 Pagesdirector. However to climb up the latter he needed to accomplish degrees and experiences to get to where he is today. His educational background is a bachelor in secondary education, athletic training and biology. He has many employment experiences such as teaching science for 7th grade students, being a college athletic trainer, medical physical therapists, and assisting clinics. With Zack’s college and work experience, he was well prepared for the associate director job. He was familiar and workingRead MoreIs The Ideal Body Image?1402 Words   |  6 Pagesin ourselves. As coaches, especially those of us who coach female athletes, it can challenging to help our athletes understand the difference between the ideal body image in society versus the body that will allow for the most effective and efficient functionality for athletic performance. We must highlight the fact that no one is perfect. We all have insecurities. Self-confident women are so successful in everything they do because they not only acknowledge their imperfections but embrace them and

Analyzing Consumer Markets free essay sample

The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target customers’ needs and wants better than competitors. Marketers must have a thorough understanding of how consumers think, feel, and act and offer clear value to each and every target consumer. Successful marketing requires that companies fully connect with their customers. Adopting a holistic marketing orientation means understanding customers— gaining a 360-degree view of both their daily lives and the changes that occur during their lifetimes so the right products are always marketed to the right customers in the right way. Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. 2 Marketers must fully understand both the theory and reality of consumer behavior. A consumer’s buying behavior is influenced by: Cultural Factors (culture / subculture / social classes): †¢Culture is the fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior. †¢Subcultures that provide more specific identification and socialization for their members. Subcultures include nationalities, religions, racial groups, and geographic regions. †¢Social classes, members who share similar values, interests, and behavior. Social Factors: Reference Groups †¢A person’s reference groups are all the groups that have a direct (face to- face) or indirect influence on their attitudes or behavior. + membership groups: primary groups / secondary groups †¢Reference groups influence members in at least three ways: + Aspirational groups are those a person hopes to join + Dissociative groups are those whose values or behavior an individual rejects. Opinion leader is the person who offers informal advice or information about a specific product or product category, such as which of several brands is best or how a particular product may be used. Family †¢The most important consumer buying organization in society, and family members constitute the most influential primary reference group. The family of orientation consists of parents and siblings. + The family of procreation, a more direct influence on everyday buying behavior is—namely, the person’s spouse and children. Roles and status †¢A role consists of the activities a person is expected to perform. Each role in turn connotes a status. People choose products that reflect and communicate their role and their actual or desired status in society. Personal Factors: Personal characteristics that influence a buyer’s decision include age and stage in the life cycle, occupation and economic circumstances, personality and self-concept, and lifestyle and values. Age and stage in the life cycle †¢Psychological life-cycle stages may matter. Marketers should also consider critical life events or transitions Occupation and economic circumstances Personality and self-concept By personality, we mean a set of distinguishing human psychological traits that lead to relatively consistent and enduring responses to environmental stimuli (including buying behavior). †¢Brand personality as the specific mix of human traits that we can attribute to a particular brand. †¢Consumers often choose and use brands with a brand personality consistent with their actual self-concept (how we view ourselves), although the match may instead be based on the consumer’s ideal self-concept (how we would like to view ourselves) or even on others’ self-concept (how we think others see us). Lifestyle and values †¢A lifestyle is a person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in activities, interests, and opinions. †¢Lifestyles are shaped partly by whether consumers are money constrained or time constrain ed. Companies aiming to serve money-constrained consumers will create lower-cost products and services. †¢Time constrained. Consumers who experience time famine are prone to multitasking, doing two or more things at the same time. They will also pay others to perform tasks because time is more important to them than money. Consumer decisions are also influenced by core values, the belief systems that underlie attitudes and behaviors. Key Psychological Processes The starting point for understanding consumer behavior is the stimulus-response model. Four key psychological processes—motivation, perception, learning, and memory—fundamentally influence consumer responses. Motivation: Freud, Maslow, Herzberg A need becomes a motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity to drive us to act. Motivation has both direction—we select one goal over another—and intensity—we pursue the goal with more or less vigor. A motivated person is ready to act—how is influenced by his or her perception of the situation. In marketing, perceptions are more important than reality, because perceptions affect consumers’ actual behavior. Perception is the process by which we select, organize, and interpret information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. People emerge with different perceptions of the same object because of three perceptual processes: selective attention, selective distortion, and selective retention. Subliminal perception: Consumers are not consciously aware of them, yet they affect behavior. Learning When we act, we learn. Learning induces changes in our behavior arising from experience. Most human behavior is learned, although much learning is incidental. †¢Drive is a strong internal stimulus impelling action. †¢Cues are minor stimuli that determine when, where, and how a person responds. Generalization vs. Discrimination †¢Generalization: generalize the response to similar stimule †¢Discrimination: differences in sets of similar stimuli and can adjust our responses accordingly. Emotions Consumer response is not all cognitive and rational; much may be emotional and invoke different kinds of feelings. Memory †¢Short-term memory (STM) †¢Long-term memory (LTM) + Associative network memory model: set of nodes and links that allow store in the memory network, including verbal, visual, abstract, and contextual. The Buying Decision Process: The Five-Stage Model †¢Problem Recognition: the buying process starts when the buyer recognizes a problem or need triggered by internal or external stimuli. Information Search: consumers often search for limited amounts of information. Two levels of engagement: + Heightened attention: at this level a person simply becomes more receptive to information about a product. + Active information search: looking for reading material, phoning friends, going online, and visiting stores to learn about the product. Information sources: + Personal / Commercial / Public / Experiential Search dynamics: By gathering information, the consumer learns about competing brands and their features. Market partitioning: identify the hierarchy of attributes that guide consumer decision making in order to understand different competitive forces and how these various sets get formed. Buyers may first decide they want to buy a German car, then Audi, and then the A4 model of Audi. †¢Evaluation of Alternatives: the consumer sees each product as a bundle of attributes with varying abilities to deliver the benefits. Beliefs and attitudes: A belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something.  Just as important are attitudes, a person’s enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, and action tendencies toward some object or idea.

Pollution Analysis Essay Example

Pollution Analysis Paper Analysis Pollution can take many forms. The air we breathe, the water drink, the ground where we grow our food, and even the increasing noise we hear every day all contribute to health problems and a lower quality of life. Pollution is every,Inhere. Pollution is the unwanted introduction of substances that harm or destroy the atmosphere and our environment. The Economy is slowing third world nations have political unrest. Our culture is more focused on obtaining material possessions then addressing our geological problems. In this essay I am going to identify the history, causes of pollution, effects on our planet, and the solutions to the Problems of pollution in our world. With the growth of cities and industrialization urban waste and pollution are an important part of history. From the rise of the first urban settlements until the emergence of mega cities in the 20th century, the scale and intensity of pollution has increased. Here is a brief history of pollution on our planet. In Ancient Civilizations air pollution was common it came from dust, wood smoke, tanneries, animal manure and other things. Water pollution was less ever in come civilizations. Israel and Hindu cities tend to have less pollution due to strict religious codes about cleanliness. During the Middle Ages in the Renaissance area timbering in the foresting in England, France, German leaves large areas of deforestation. This led to the change to using coal as a replacement for wood as a use of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Era of Enlightenment reason begins to overcome superstition. Also during this period Ben Franklins starts his flight against Water Pollution. He led of group of Philadelphia to petition the government to stop tannery factories from dumping in the creek, a arbitrary of the Delaware River. He was trying to create awareness about socially responsible investing. The petition stopped the dumping, and helped to set a precedent for the future fight against water pollution. Ben Franklin was a big proponent of the good quality of life through a healthy environment. He advocated for socially responsible investing. He was a keen observer and worked hard to keep the city of Philadelphia environment clean and pure for all its citizens. He saw the necessity for green business even back then. He believed that people could be better and healthier also, by making a few changes in their lifestyle. His foresight, saws observation, and determination to create awareness for environmentally conscious companies to protect the environment, are many of the reasons Ben Franklin is a genius in American history. Anther important person during the Era Of enlightenment was Thomas Robert Malthusian. Malthusian was a British scholar; influential in controversial, in economic, political, social and scientific thought. Malthusian thought that the dangers of population growth depends on the sustainability of the earth † The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in earth to produce subsistence for man†. In many ways these men were the founding fathers of our environmental polices that we see today. The industrial revolution led to horrifying living conditions people began to understand that unsay Atari living conditions and water contamination contributed to disease epidemics. This new awareness prompted major cities to take measures to control waste and garbage. Progress is slow but the common interest was to establish purr drinking water and sanitation. This was because of the epidemics of typhoid. Conservation of wilderness also started to take place because of a extremely old tree called the â€Å"mother of the forest’. Mother of the forest was an ancient and huge Sequoia Denton tree. The tree lived in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in eastern central California, Ignited States. In the mid-1 sass, Chicago built the first major sewage system in the United States to treat wastewater. Soon, many other U. S. Cities followed Chicago lead. In the United States, industrial chemicals and wastes, including sulfuric acid, soda ash, mercuric acid, limes, dyes, wood pulp, and animal byproducts from industrial mills contaminated waters in the Northeast. Air pollution from automobiles from the industrial processes, and the burning of coal in stories and in homes also became a serious problem. In the 19th century, episodes of smog in cities like New York and London resulted in many deaths. The rising problems of pollution led to the formation of the National Coast Anti Pollution League. It was formed by municipal officials from Atlantic City to Maine who are concerned with oil and sewage pollution detracting from tourism from the areas. Led by Gifford Ponchos, Teddy Roosevelt the league succeeds with an international oil dumping treaty passed by Congress in 1924. In late October of 1948, 20 people were asphyxiated and more than ,000 became seriously ill as the result of severe air pollution over Donors, Pennsylvania. In response was The Air Pollution control act that declared that air pollution was a danger to public health and welfare, but preserved the primary responsibilities and rights of the States and local government in controlling air pollution. The Seventies was the decade of awakening and clean up it began with the birth of the Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing isolations based on laws passed by Congress. Water Pollution was greatly decreased through a massive sewage treatment expansion program. Rivers, which were once sewers, now begin a gradual return from the grave. Air Pollution is cut back dramatically through use of catalytic converters on new cars that use only unleaded gasoline. From 1980-1990 Disasters showed the world the fragile side of industrial technology. The world’s worst industrial catastrophe took place in India a leak of methyl cocaine’s gas from the union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant and resulted in the exposure of he hazardous gas to the local communities. Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259 and the government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total of 3, 787 deaths related to the gas release. Others estimate that 3,000 died within weeks and that another 8,000 have since died from gas-related diseases. Through these tragedies Environmental reform starts to gain momentum. Several peace seeking ships looking to stop the water pollution were bombed. The Rainbow Warrior was one of the first to take active action on the seas. The ship was active in supporting a number of Greenback protest. In 1990 the Persian Gulf War started to take place. Insurgents burn oil wells releasing hazardous gases into the ozone. In politics there becomes a standoff between conservatives and liberal factions in congress between environments over economic development. China begins production of the Three Gorges Dam, which became the world’s largest capacity hydroelectric power station with a generating capacity of 18,200. The new millennium brought upon changes in the presidents views of environmental policies. Bill Clinton a conservative steps down from the presidency and George Bush steps in to take his place. George Bush lowered environmental regulation on behalf of industry. Barack Obama in 2009 restored environmental and conservative missions for LSI regulatory agencies. Global Climate change became a pressing problem. An increasing number of scientist are warning that Global climate change is problem being created by pollution. All around us there are becoming more and more signs that our long history with pollution is going to have a negative effect on our planet and future generations More than two billion of the world’s poorest people still rely on biomass: wood, charcoal, Animal dung, crop wastes and coal-burning for household energy needs. Use of these fuels indoors leads to high levels of harmful pollution. This exposure increases the risk of diseases such as pneumonia, chronic respiratory disease and lung cancer. This accounts for a substantial proportion of the global burden of disease in developing countries. Evidence is also emerging that exposure may increase the risk of a number of important conditions such low birth rate and cataract. Household pollutants are contaminants that are released during various products in daily life. Hazardous household products fall into six broad categories: household leaner’s, paints and solvents, lawn and garden care, automotive products, pool chemicals, and health and beauty aids. Many commonly used household products in these categories release toxic chemicals. Household cleaners, paints and solvents, lawn and garden care, automotive products, pool chemicals, and health and beauty aids. Many commonly used household products in these categories release toxic chemicals. Insecticides, pesticides, weed killers, and fertilizers that are used for maintaining one’s lawn and garden are another source of household pollution. When these products are to properly kept or properly disposed they may leak into the ground. When these chemicals hit the ground destroy all the nutrients in the soil and plants that are trying to grow. After it rains the pollutants run into local streams that flow into large bodies of water that we use for drinking. The U. S. Is the #1 trash-producing country in the world at 1 ,609 pounds per person per year. This means that 5% of the world’s people generate 40% of the world’s waste. Trash from households plays a major role in our struggle against pollution. Americans generated 251 million tons of trash in 2006. Sixty-five percent name from household trash. Every year, each American throws out about 1200 pounds of organic garbage that can be recycled. The Garbage that does not get recycled get put into large landfills across our country. The problem is because we throw out so much garbage we are running out of room to store it. Another way households add to the pollution problem is through consuming extreme amounts of energy. Most people do not conserve energy so it wastes power and burns through fossil fuels. Energy conservation is also important because consumption of nonrenewable sources impacts the Environment. Households is many Ways add to the rowing pollution problem on our planet As Industries grew larger citizens are forced to contend with staggering quantities of industrial waste. The impact of pollution on the population varied according to prevailing methods of waste disposal, the shifting geography of manufacturing, and changes in the city’s economic strength. Pollutants given off by various industries and factories are often considered to be one of the prime factors contributing to air, water and soil pollution. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), it has been estimated that industrial pollution is responsible for almost 50 percent of the elution present in the United States. The main source of pollution from industries is air pollution. The emission of various greenhouse gases such as CO, methane (CHI), among others from various industries, increases the overall temperature of the earth, resulting in global warming. Dumping of various industrial waste products into water sources, and improper contamination of industrial wastes, often result in polluting the water. This is popular among chemical companies. Industrial wastes contain large amounts of various chemicals whish get accumulated on the top layer of soil resulting of a loss of fertility. This creates large amounts of soil pollution resulting from industry. Industries are a major source of pollution in our country. When industrial catastrophes happen most times it has the most negative effect on Environment. For Example last summer when the BP oilier blew up it dumped gallons of oil into the ocean. The effects of that spill will be felt for the next ten generations. BP lost a large sum of money but you cannot put a price on destroying a habitat for millions of living things. Industries have polluted our environment throughout our history and it will hurt our ecosystems on our lane for years to come. Pollution does not only damage the air it also damages the environments on earths surface. Plants and animals are harmed by air pollution. Sometimes it is the pollutants themselves that cause damage. Other times pollutants combine and change the resources that plants and animals depend upon such as water, soil, and nutrients. When an air pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with the water droplets that make up clouds, the water droplets become acidic. When those droplets fall to the ground as rain or snow, the acidity of the water can have damaging effects on the environment. When acid rain falls over an area, it can kill trees and harm animals, fish, and other wildlife. Acid rain destroys the leaves of plants. When acid rain infiltrates into soils, it changes the chemistry of the soil making it unfit for many living things that rely on soil as a habitat or for nutrition. Acid rain also changes the chemistry of the lakes and streams that the rainwater flows into, harming fish and other aquatic life. Thinning the ozone layer from air pollutants harms living things. Air pollution releases gases known as chlorofluorocarbons that destroy ozone molecules in the atmosphere. This leaves ozone holes that which ultraviolet radiation escapes through. Ultraviolet radiation causes skin cancer and damages plants and wildlife. Another Effect of large amounts of air pollution is Global warming. Our planet’s temperature is rising more rabidly than expected because of the additional greenhouse gases. Polar icecaps melt and permafrost melt are causing changes in the habitat and resources for plants and animals that live in these Polar Regions. This has had a major effect in the species on our planet. Disappearing habitats and resources makes it hard for an ecosystem o sustain itself. The earth was cover by 14. 8 billion acres of forest 8,000 years ago. Now only 8. 6 billion of acres remain. Species are currently going extinct at a faster rate than at any time in the past. This is not due to hunting but to chemical pollutants and over harvesting. Years of unregulated pollution have destroyed habitats and drove species to become extinct. There is no simple solution to the pollution problem on our planet. For years we have polluted our planet and have been set in our ways of doing so. The way for our planet to rebuild our ecosystem and reduce pollution is trotter regulations on hazardous waste and switching to renewable resources. Pollution taxes are charged on a per unit basis. Transferable Pollution permits allow firms to emit only the level of pollution, which they have permitted. One option for pollution control is the direct regulation by government officials. The Environmental Protection agency can set the emission standards for particular in industries and products. Also make punishments for going against these laws more severe. Another part of stronger regulation would be a market-based pollution control system. This would put a tax on every emission per unit. These solutions are making it so that pollution is not the cheaper option. The reasons why corporations choose to pollute because its a cheaper option most times then proper disposal. Pollution control clearly has its advantages but it is impossible to predict the total amount a of pollution reduction that will be created. Renewable resources are the way of the future. A major way to reduce the amount of pollution in the environment is using renewable resources that do not cause harm to the environment. Moving away from fossil fuels is important for our planet to achieve. The main types of renewable resource re Wind Energy, Solar power, and hydroelectric power. Wind power is the use of wind to power fan that connects to a turbine that creates renewable energy source. Solar power uses a grid that catches energy that is given off from the sun. Solar polar can generate the most amount of electricity out of the renewable resources. Hydroelectric power uses the current of a body of water to turn a turbine to create electricity. Using this solution will reduce the amount of fossil fuels that are being used on our planet since they are renewable we will never run out. It will be a long time before we see real hangers towards a switch to renewable resources.

The Seven Pillars Of Wisdom Example

The Seven Pillars Of Wisdom Example The Seven Pillars Of Wisdom – Book Report/Review Example Seven Pillars of Wisdom Seven Pillars of Wisdom The seven pillars of wisdom is an autobiography of a British soldier while serving as with rebel forces during the Arab clashes with the Ottoman Empire Turks. These revolts took place between 1916 and 1918. This makes sense because it was also the time the First World War was being fought all over Europe. The title of the book, seven pillars of wisdom was derived from the bible in the book of proverbs chapter 9 verses 1. Lawrence states that before the war started, he was writing a book based on seven great cities of the Middle East (Lawrence, 2000). However, he never got to complete the book because soon the war started.2. I think that Lawrence is very precise when he describes the desert and the terrain such that one is even able to visualize the landscape and different appearances of the rocks and sand (Lawrence, 2000). He also describes the camels which makes one understand about the camel’s loyalty to their masters and their ability to cope with some very difficult weather conditions. Lawrence describes, Ghazala, his favorite camel just before it meets its death (Lawrence, 2000). He describes it in a way that shows the reader that he was very saddened by the death of his camel. This part reminds me of the time my cat died.3. The author describes the Arab revolt in a way that shows the readers that the Arabs really needed to be free from their Turk masters. He explains about the difficulty of trying to unite the different Arab tribes so that they could fight as one. He also talks about the hardships he went through as he tries to get supplies but the British army continuously denies him (Lawrence, 2000). However, despite all those challenges, he perseveres and he is eventually successful. That Arab revolt was very bloody and now I can understand why the Arabs value their freedom so much.4. This memoir has a lot of intrigues but as one continues to read one page after the other, one can only wonder how h e managed to achieve all that. Reading this book makes one wonder what will happen next. Despite his general feeling of uselessness and self pity, he is able to lead the Arabs to a victory. Lawrence has master the use of suspense as seen in the last chapters as they capture Damascus.ReferencesLawrence, T. E. (2000). Seven Pillars of Wisdom. New York, NY. Penguin Adult, Inc.

What’s in store for nurses in 2018

What’s in store for nurses in 2018 The start of 2018 also means a new year for nurses! If you’re a nurse, you may be wondering what’s in store for you in the coming year- both individually and for the field of nursing in general. Although nursing is a very broad field- nurses are employed in a wide variety of settings (including doctors’ offices, hospitals, schools, outpatient clinics, nursing care facilities, military bases, and home healthcare services), and their responsibilities can vary widely (based on their education, experience level, and licensure)- there are some general workplace and industry trends that we can look at to determine what kind of year nurses can expect in 2018.Industry forecastAccording to the Occupational Outlook Handbook  developed by the United States Department of Labor, the broad job outlook for nurses looking ahead is a good one- employment for nurses is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations over the next decade. A variety of factors are inv olved in this projected growth, including a growing senior citizen demographic (who will increasingly rely on healthcare services in their older years), an increased public emphasis on preventive care, and a growing rate of chronic conditions (including obesity and diabetes) that will lead to a wide array of healthcare needs. That said, if you’re a nurse- or thinking of becoming a nurse- and are wondering if it’s an industry with an abundance of opportunities or is experiencing over-saturation, rest assured you should not have trouble finding employment if you possess the requisite training, education, experience, and skill set.If you’re wondering which industries will have the highest levels of employment for nurses over the coming years, you can count on medical and surgical hospitals, doctors’ offices, home healthcare service agencies, nursing care facilities, outpatient care centers, and psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals and centers being at t he top of the list. An increasing number of nurses are being employed outside of hospitals, a trend that is expected to continue in 2018. Home-based healthcare is a growing business, and expect to see greater job opportunities for nurses who are willing to travel regularly.Are you curious about the regions and states that will likely have the highest levels of employment opportunities? Expect the highest concentration and need for nurses in the easternmost and westernmost portions of the country, with varying levels of employment in the central states of America. States that you can count on for typically having the highest levels of employment for nurses include California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Pennsylvania. Are you hunting for a bigger paycheck this year? Top paying states, on average, include California, Massachusetts, Hawaii, Oregon, and Alaska.Industry trendsIf you’re curious about the big industry trends that are likely to affect the field of nursing in 2018, T ravelNurse Source  and Licensed Practical Nurse  recently published articles that included their top predictions for the coming year. Expect the following key predictions to have an impact on the field of nursing.Nursing shortageAs hinted at earlier, there is expected to be a shortage of nurses across all disciplines in 2018. The need for experienced and qualified nurses will only continue to grow as the population in general gets older and the levels of chronic illness grows. Furthermore, the average age of nurses is currently over 50, so the number of professionals retiring- and the need for new nurses- will continue to grow over the year and into the future.What does this shortage mean for you as a nurse? Plenty! If you’re a qualified professional this puts you in the â€Å"driver’s seat†- allowing you greater leverage and options for choosing a position and having a prospective employer meet your demands for employment.Rise in technologyWe’re all aware of how recent advances in modern technology have changed nearly every aspect of society, and this includes the field of nursing. Technology will play an increasing role in how nurses perform their daily responsibilities, so expect new tools, simulators, high-tech devices, and other pieces of healthcare technology to be used on the job. Even basic record keeping has gone digital and mobile- today, healthcare professionals can access patient records at the point of contact, instead of having to go back and forth to a dedicated nursing station.Telemedicine has been a big industry buzzword in recent years, and expect it to continue and grow in 2018. Advances in technology have made remote healthcare (often taking advantage of video technology) accessible and affordable, and   it is an increasingly growing field in nursing. Those who get comfortable and experienced in telemedicine will be able to leverage the additional employment opportunities and flexibility it can provide.What does this mean if you’re a nurse or are thinking of becoming one? The bottom line is that the need for tech-savvy nurses will be a big trend in 2018 and beyond, and those industry professionals who possess the skills and mindset to learn how to master new equipment and technology will be especially valuable in the industry.More male nursesThe last several years has seen a sharp increase in the number of men entering the nursing profession, and 2018 will be no exception- expect to see increasing numbers of male nurses across all disciplines. If you’re a male and are thinking of pursuing a career as a nurse, there’s no better time than the present to do so.The future of healthcare landscapePotential changes to state and national healthcare laws, and what will happen to healthcare in general if the Affordable Healthcare Act gets repealed (and what system would potentially replace it) could have a big potential impact on the field of nursing in 2018. We are current ly in â€Å"wait and see† mode regarding this issue, and only time will tell how this fully plays out and how it will effect healthcare professionals in 2018 and beyond.There you have it- some of the key predictions and trends for nursing for 2018. If you’re a nurse or are thinking of becoming one, use the information provided here to set yourself up for career success in 2018 and beyond.

Relocation Stress Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Relocation Stress Syndrome - Essay Example The essay "Relocation Stress Syndrome" analyzes the article "Reducing Relocation Stress Syndrome In Long Term Care Facilities" written by Sherri Melrose where she states that one of the possible issues that care, givers, patients and their families experience due in health care settings is relocation stress syndrome. She states that relocation may disturb cognitive as well as physical balances of the patient during the initial year of his transfer to a care unit that provides long-term care. She states that during the initial three months of the transfer, both the patient as well as their family may express feelings that are negative in nature due to relocation. She states that care givers can deal with the issue, by carefully listening to the problems stated by both the family and the patient, the care giver con put forward different choices and identify patient’s coping strategies and use them to make the patient comfortable. She concludes her research by stating that it is very difficult for a registered nurse to identify whether a patient is suffering from such stress and providing empathy may even become difficult and the most difficult part of the entire process is keeping a record. I believe that every individual has a way of coping with stress, but certain people are informed about it and others are not. A nurse can identify these strategies through observation and interviews and once they have identified the strategies, they can implement to help the patient in coping with the stress.

International Contract jurisdiction hypothetical Essay

International Contract jurisdiction hypothetical - Essay Example breach of contract committed in Queensland, regardless of where the contract was made and whether or not the breach was preceded of accompanied by a breach...rendering impossible the performance of a part of the contract that ought to be performed in Queensland† (Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (124)(1)(i)). In this case, the rules probably will not give the court jurisdiction. The contract was not made in Queensland – the contract was executed in England. It also states that service is permitted if the contract is governed by the law of Queensland. The contract did not state which law governed, so this clause does not have effect. So, now the other two clauses must be examined – that service would be permitted if the breach of contract was committed in Queensland. Was the breach of contract committed in Queensland? Probably not. The breach occurred in England, as the consignment was packed in England, and the packing of the consignment was the cause of the damage. The other clause is that service is permitted when the contract is made by one or more parties carrying on business or residing in Queensland. The contract was executed by Global Freighting in England, and they do not reside in Queensland. However, they are carrying on business in Queensland, so this might be a basis for service. However, the term â€Å"carrying on business† is kind of vague – is it enough that Global Freighting made a contract with a Queensland company – would this be considered to be â€Å"carrying on business?† If this is not a basis for jurisdiction, then we need to look at other connecting factors. They are residence, domicile or presence of defendant in the courts jurisdiction (Akbarali v. Brent LBC). In this case, none of these connecting factors are present – defendant does not reside in Queensland, is not domiciled and has never been to Queensland. Therefore, connecting factors would not give Queensland jurisdiction either. Plus, the doctrine of

U.S. health care system Essay Example for Free

U.S. health care system Essay It is desirable to learn lessons from abroad, but well noted that it would be impossible to simply transfer policies from one country to the other. There is no such thing as a perfect finance model. There are many calls to move towards contemporary American free insurance and service market system6. It is argued that if there is no competition, the consumer will continue to be poorly served and second-class treatment will remain. However, many responses listed out the sophisticated problems that have arisen from the American healthcare system. Patient Choice One of the important justifications of the system in the US is greater patient choice. Under the concept of â€Å"money following the patient†, patients would not be constrained by cost considerations when choosing services between private sector providers and public sector providers6. Americans are free in the selection of doctors, standards of services as well as service providers. From the experience of the US, voluntary private insurance permits doctors to offer more expensive services beyond the basic provision. Patients are required to pay out-of-pocket for any extra charges. This kind of rigid payment system actually constrains rather than expands freedom of choice of patients6. Patient choice is expensive and thus is more likely to be restricted, especially when there is cost containment. It is the situation in the US that one of the main functions of HMOs was to introduce a gate-keeping role for GPs and limit the wide choices of specialists inherent in the traditional insurance mechanism11. Efficiency With free choice and free market, people have the incentive for enjoying maximum services and claiming full benefits offered by the insurance scheme. It leads to a demand side moral hazard problem for over-consumption of services which causes market inefficie ncy12. Under the insurance market, hospitals are economic agents that aim at maximizing profits and it will create the supply side moral hazard for over-provision of services. Besides, many patients and providers in the US experience many problems with care co-ordination12. In order to prevent abuses and malpractice, mechanisms for checking and auditing would be necessary, which in turn leads to huge administration costs in the US system. Single-payer models in health insurance encourage cooperation and overcome the problem of inefficiency. The main advantage of single-payer system is that one can enjoy universal coverage at a lower cost than is  attained by pluralistic funding approaches. It avoids adverse risk selection and ensures that no one is uninsurable Equity The level of premiumand co-payment would have great impact to equity of the system. The costs of treating uninsured as free care must be absorbed by the insured via cost shifting, higher premiums or taxes39. If the level of payment becomes heavy burdens to lower income group, it creates disincentives for this group to use the system even they experience genuine needs. Due to this marginalization and exclusion, the premium contributed by the lower income group will indirectly subsidize the services consumed by the high income group. The injustice so created makes worse to the equity in access

Analytical Critique of The Godfather Essay -- Movie Film Review Godfat

Analytical Critique of The Godfather   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe the reason that, 'The Godfather', is such a great film is because it lets audiences decide whether they like the characters or not. Too many movies made about organized crime begin with some seemingly random act of violence. 'The Godfather', however, lets it be known from the start to judge the characters in the film based on what type of person they are instead of the criminal activities they may engage in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film begins with a wedding, and this setting sets the stage for the basic theme of the movie, which is family. ?The Godfather?, isn?t necessarily about organized crime. Crime is merely the family business, and crime is the way in which the author of the novel in which this film is based on used to set up the interactions and conflicts between the members of the Corleone family. In fact, this film could probably work even without the Mafia themes. At heart it is just a movie about the structure of a family from generation to generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The themes of the film are timeless, but the historical period in which the film takes place is also very significant. As the movie begins, the family?s youngest son has just recently returned from World War II. As the movie progresses, parallels are made between the Corleone family and the rest of the world. The war between the rival families is much like the conflicts between nations during World War II. After Don Corleone is shot in the streets, it?s a wake up cal...

Edward Snowden Essay

On June 6, 2013 The Guardian newspaper printed a story alleging that the National Security Agency (NSA) was collecting telephone records of millions of Verizon customers in a top secret government sanctioned program. This would be just the first glimpse at the many disturbing actions revealed by a man named Edward Snowden, a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee and NSA contractor who used his computer prowess and security clearance to collect information about how the United States government has been monitoring its own citizens. Mr. Snowden’s actions have prompted the government to file criminal charges against him including theft of government property and espionage. This situation raises serious questions about the legality and ethicality of government surveillance programs as well as security of personal information. There has always been a debate over the trade-off between privacy and security, and this is a perfect example of that discussion. This is an issue that affects anyone who utilizes the technological advancements of today, regardless of the criminality (or lack thereof) of their actions. To better understand this issue we must first take a look at the laws that govern surveillance and the laws that protects our individual freedom from unwarranted surveillance. Two of the most important documents that focus on these issues are the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution, which protects Americans against unwarranted surveillance, and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which was instituted in 1986 as an update to the law governing government wiretapping programs. Since the issue at hand regards government surveillance in general and the Fourth Amendment was written to protect Americans from this act, it is worth quoting in full: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to  be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. According to Jackson Lears (2013), the Board of Governors Professor of History at Rutgers University and Editor in Chief of the Raritan Quarterly Review, this Amendment was â€Å"written by men who had rejected imperial power and were determined to prevent its reassertion in their new nation†¦Nothing could more flagrantly violate those requirements than the NSA dragnet† (p. 4). Although our Constitution was written almost 230 years ago, and the men who wrote this document could not have possibly foreseen the technological advancements that would be made in that time (i.e. the telephone, nuclear weapons or the Internet), they were witness to the abuse of government power and tried to institute broad principles to mitigate the possibility of their new government becoming corrupt in that way. The problem our country faces, however, is that in order to regulate this type of behavior it must first be known, which until Edward Snowden appeared had only been considered speculative, and then addressed (Richards, 2013, p. 1934). The government has made attempts, however feeble, at implementing additional laws to prevent this type of abuse of power in the past, but has not kept up with the times when it comes to updating these safeguards. The Supreme Court ruled in 1928 that warrantless wiretapping was not illegal, but that ruling was overturned in 1967 and it was not until 1968 that Congress passed legislation governing wiretapping. In the same fashion, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act was passed in 1986 as an amendment to the Wiretap Act, but has not been updated in the nearly 30 years since it was enacted (Freiwald & Mà ©tille, 2013, p. 1291). The only two times Congress has clarified what may or not be done in conjunction with the Electronic Communications Privacy Act was in 1994 with the passing of the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act and the Patriot Act (passed in 2001 only 6 weeks after the attacks on September 11), which both â€Å"further eased the restrictions on law enforcement surveillance† (Freiwald & Mà ©tille, 2013, p. 1292) and â€Å"ensured[d] that providers of telecommunications services maintained the accessibility of their systems to wiretapping (Freiwald & Mà ©tille, 2013, p. 1293). Friewald and Mà ©tille (2013) also explain that â€Å"surveillance that proceeds outside the bounds of the ECPA (and related statutes), either by virtue of not being historically covered, or by  virtue of being too new to be included, can proceed without any judicial review, so long as a court has not yet held that the Fourth Amendment requires regulation (p. 1295-1296). The question we must ask is whether or not this type of surveillance is necessarily dangerous or if it is necessary to protect our country and national security. According to Neil Richards (2013), â€Å"First, surveillance is harmful because it can chill the exercise of our civil liberties†¦Second, we must recognize that secret surveillance is illegitimate and prohibit the creation of any domestic-surveillance programs whose existence is secret†¦Third, we should recognize that total surveillance is illegitimate and reject the idea that it is acceptable for the government to record all Internet activity without authorization† (p. 1935-1936). The first idea that Richards raises deal with our civil liberties such as freedom of speech. When people are constantly under the fear of government surveillance, they may be less likely to speak their mind when they disagree with public policy because they may fear retaliation or retribution for their dissent. The second point of secret surveillance deals with the idea of accountability for those who are performing the surveillance. If a blank check is written by Congress for surveillance with no oversight as to what surveillance is being performed, then there can be no guarantee that the people performing the surveillance are not violating our personal privacy. If the government wants it’s people to trust them, then they should be comfortable with the idea of â€Å"trust but verify†. Finally, the idea of total surveillance is the most concrete example of the violation of the Fourth Amendment which requires probably cause as a basis for any intrusive action by the government. I am not against the idea of surveillance, especially in the dangerous world we live in, but at the same time we must find a balance and understand our limits. In order to preserve our individual freedoms we must be willing to accept a certain level of insecurity and a certain level of personal responsibility. The level of personal responsibility we must accept is to be willing, and able, to defend ourselves without relying on the government to do it for us all the time. One example of this is the attacks of  September 11, 2001 where 4 planes were hijacked and used as weapons. Out of these 4 planes, only the passengers of one, United flight 93, were willing to stand up for themselves against the hijackers. If the hijackers knew that the passengers on each and every plane would have acted with the bravery and heroism of those on the United flight, I doubt they would have hijacked any of them. As far as accepting a certain level of insecurity goes, that is just a part of life; there is no way we can prevent every horrible thing from happening. I understand the human desire to prevent bad things from happening, but what cost are we willing to pay for it? If we want to prevent car accidents that occur from deer running into the road, does that mean we should kill all the deer? In the words of Benjamin Franklin, one of our Founding Fathers and signatories of our Constitution, â€Å"They who can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.† References Lears, J. (2013). EDITOR’S NOTE. Raritan, 33(1), 1-6. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Richards, N. M. (2013). THE DANGERS OF SURVEILLANCE. Harvard Law Review, 126(7), 1934-1965. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Freiwald, S., & Mà ©tille, S. (2013). REFORMING SURVEILLANCE LAW: THE SWISS MODEL. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 28(2), 1261-1332. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Analysis Of Array Waveguide Based Interleaver Engineering Essay

In the 20 first century, has monolithic demands in the usage and handiness of digital communicating systems transmittal ability, it has happen to an important issues to construct up thin channel spacing and larger channel figure multiplexers/ demultiplexers ( MUXs / DEMUXs ) for dense wavelength division multiplexing ( DWDM ) structures. In the contemporary, panoplied wave guide grate ( AWG ) , thin-film coating, and fibre Bragg grate are major engineerings for manufacturing MUXs / DEMUXs. [ 1 ] This study covers the basic operation and rules of ( AWG ) Array Wave Guide Based Interleaver. And the study covers the basic rule of array theory. And the public presentation analysis of AWG with utilizing opti system softwear. And besides in communicating webs, fibre optics webs are most rewarding communicating webs. Fibre optics is channelled the transmittal of visible radiation through thin glass. The purpose of this undertaking is to look into of the operation and map of the panoplied wave guide grates ( AWG ) . And the understand the public presentation of parametric quantities in the device, and so we investigate those public presentation of parametric quantities and seek to happen how those parametric quantities can impact of the device. Specifically, the base on balls set edges is more hard to command in optical constituents, such as panoplied waveguide grating ( AWGs ) , ensuing in interior XT public presentation. Interleavers assure that the originally next channels are no longer present at the concluding filter. In add-on the usage of interleavers is really effectual for the decrease of Rayleigh noise in bidirectional webs.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESUnderstand and familiarise the cardinal constructs and features of AWG Based Interleaver Develop and implement of AWG Based Interleaver2. ABOUT OPTICAL FIBER2.1 HistoryFibre optics is used circumstantial in the modern universe as modern engineering. The rule of guiding of visible radiation through the storytellers optics possible was explained by Jacques and Mr. Daniel in Paris in 1840. [ 8 ] In practically optical fibers are made by glass. And fiber is covered with a diaphanous shell to more correct of refractile index. [ 8 ] Development of fiber so focused on fiber packages for image transmittal. Image transmittal through tubing was found individually by telecasting laminitis John Logie Baird and the discoverer of wireless Clarence Hansel in 1920. [ 8 ]2.2 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONFibre optics used for communicating, as transmit signals. Fibers are used as a medium for telecommunication webs. Optical fiber is really utile for transmit signals of the far off distance communications. There are benefits of utilizing optical fibers for easy to convey signals, [ 2 ] High flexibleness High dependability Adequate to its strong velocity Distance of communicating web and Limit the practical velocity because of fading and the scattering jobs in the fiber. [ 2 ] To work out and cut down fading job can use of the Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier ( EDFA ) .To resolved scattering of optical fiber still coerce a via media between the transmittal distance and the bandwidth is doing it is mandatory to review high velocity of the signals at intervals utilizing opto electronic repeaters. [ 2 ] That public presentation usage for particularly long-distance communications. When compared with electrical wires little fading occurred in visible radiation propagates through the fiber. And the Repeaters usage for long distance to modulate to convey signal. Because they are losingss signal. One fiber can be transporting many channels with different moving ridge lengths. Optical fibres are largely make used of fiber ocular communications or can be transmitted signals through the fibres. Because of that signals can be travel with low losingss and the besides opposition to electro magnetic mediation. Here fiber ocular communicating signals allow transmittal more than higher bandwidths or informations rates and longer distance. And besides fibres are doing usage of lighting and the wrapped in clump of fibres and they can be applied to transport images. In the short distance communicating networking within a edifice or little country.single fibre can be transmit big figure of informations than the electrical wires. And besides fibre has electrical intervention. [ 8 ] Fibers can be prepared by crystalline plastic, glass or a mixture of the two stuffs. When long-distance telecommunications fibres make usage of merchandise is ever glass, ground of minor optical fading in fibres. together of the single-mode and the multi-mode fibres are doing usage of communicating links. Largely Multi-mode fibres are doing usage of the short infinites ( 550m ) . And the single-mode fibre devising used for long distance communicating links. [ 8 ] The best solution for that expeditiously improves the functional bandwidth in a construction non including electronic repeaters, and permits realisation of photonic webs by utilizing Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing ( DWDM ) . [ 2 ] Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing ( DWDM ) is best efficient procedure. Reason of a figure of channels can be carried. Each channel carried by dissimilar wavelengths, and they are transmitted throughout the individual optical fiber. Avail of the DWDM used more available bandwidth non including scattering consequence. And the channels using each channel, efficaciously separated from the other channels. And it can non be dependant of the velocities, protocols and the way of the communicating webs. [ 2 ] And besides DWDM helps to the all optical fiber webs architectures. Where on signals are routed by utilizing their wavelengths. As the consequence of that, this type of webs are likely more flexible and faster, and that can be low dearly-won to maintain up when the compared with other ways. [ 2 ]3. ARRAY WAVEGUID GREATINS3.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT AWGArrayed Waveguide Grating ( AWG ) is multiplexers / demultiplexers are two-dimensional waveguide devices.Image and diffusing belongingss are basic foundation on an array wave guides. They imaging the field in an input and end product waveguide on to range wave guides in such a manner that the assorted wavelength signals are presented. [ 3 ] In recent old ages, Arrayed Waveguide Grating ( AWG ) was foremost discovered by Smit in 1988 and subsequently by Takahashi in 1990 and after that Dragone in 1991. They are known by under different names: Phased Arrays ( PHASARs ) , Arrayed Waveguide Gratings ( AWGs ) , and the Waveguide Grating Routers ( WGRs ) . [ 3 ] And wave guide grate router ( WGR ) has happen to more and more trendy as wavelength multiplexers / demultiplexers ( MUX / DEMUX ) for dense wavelength division multiplexing ( DWDM ) applications ( Vellekoop and Smit, in 1991 ) . The acronym AWG invented by Takahashi is the most usually used up name now a yearss. Fibre Bragg Gratings and Thin-Film Filters, AWGs are the chiefly important sort of filter type used in WDM webs. They are accepted bend out to be the chiefly important develop of Photonic Integrated Circuits ( PIC ) engineering. [ 4 ] Recent universe the chiefly important engineerings are used for AWGs. Indiumphosphide ( InP ) based semiconducting material engineering Silica-on-silicon engineering Equally good to that they investigate on Li niobate and silicon-based polymer engineerings have been shown up every bit good. Silica-on-silicon ( SoS ) AWGs have been presented to the sell in 1994 and at present clasp the major portion on the AWG market. [ 3 ] This average peers with fiber and so it relatively simple to partner off them to fibers. High fibre-coupling efficiency of ( losingss in usage of 0.1 dubnium ) and low extension loss ( less than 0.05 dB/cm ) with they joined. [ 3 ] The major trouble is they are relatively large because of their fiber compared waveguide belongingss. They are forbiding the usage of little curves. This is for the present being got better by utilizing upper index disparity and the doted-size convertors to maintenance fibre matching low losingss. [ 3 ]3.2 ABOUT AWGThis is a latest engineering make utilizations of an incorporate array of wave guides as a interleaving and grate. [ 5 ] The panoplied wave guide grate ( AWG ) is a two-dimensional wave guide device. [ 6 ] And the beam traveling from side to side a device grating shall make an intervention sample, meaning the beam is diffracted merely at clear angles. The spacial strength of giving out is a map of the grate, the wavelength and the angle of happening. In here different wavelengths will be diffracted in the different angles ( spatially separated ) . Arrayed waveguide grating ( AWG ) is bring forthing a bantam grate with lithographic engineering and with low losingss. [ 5 ] Functions in AWG: – Transmissive diffraction and grate in largest portion of fibre optics Harmonizing o the moving ridge length diffracting the beam at the angle The primary application of panoplied waveguide grates is WDM. By developing AWG, used for demultiplexing and WDM wavelength-division multiplexing ( WDM ) . Initially, developers are identified that AWGs could be mix with other two-dimensional wave guide setup. And the other assorted maps like, [ 6 ] Wavelength-selectable optical masers. Including dynamic addition Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers Equalization Figure 3.2.1 In an panoplied wave guide grating [ 6 ] Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing ( DWDM ) is an effectual manner. Where the figure of channels, but different wavelengths are in each channel. Through a individual optical fiber allows transmitted signals, without raising the cause of scattering by utilizing to boot on manus bandwidth. [ 2 ] Each channel, while it is expeditiously divided from the others, could be free in protocol, way of communicating and velocity, all-optical web architecture are understood by aid of DWDM without want for electro-optical transition where transmit signals are routed harmonizing to wavelength. Therefore, this sort of web has below characterises when compared to other types, [ 2 ] Less dearly-won to keep More flexible Potentially faster Figure 3.2.2 An Add / Drop Multiplexer ( ADM ) . [ 2 ] Figure 3.2.3 An Optical Cross Connect ( OXC ) utilizing a infinite division exchange [ 2 ] In DWDM is done optical wavelength multiplxers / demultiplexers by Arrayed Waveguide Gratings ( AWG ) . Equally good as multiplexing and the demultiplexing maps are executing by DWDM. It can be joint with other setup to do put or out multiplexers, used to shriek one wavelengths on and off the web, and the brand usage of for the routing, and Cross Connects. These constituents can be inert, harmonizing to wavelength where the signal routing should be fixed, or activated. Where the optical switches are utilized to dynamically route the signals. [ 7 ] Both circuits are shown evident to the format of informations, can allow map wholly in the optical field and both directional transmit of information. These undertakings permit the creative activity of dissimilar evident optical web. Examples of the three chief sorts of these are explained in the approaching subdivisions. [ 2 ] It can set up several input fibers same clip. Input and end product port nexus policy were by experimentation verified and formulated. The device same clip removes the two chief mistakes observed in the before built up device ; decrease of every wave guide crossings between AWGs and taking off of the status to accurately match the features of the two AWGs. This suggestion will be helpful in cut down device cost. [ 9 ] This is because of the information that AWG based constituents that have been shown to be able of the precisely demultiplexing and a big figure of channels, with relatively small loss. Main characters of the N ( end product ) ten N ( input ) AWG MUX / DEMUXes are small loss of fiber to fibre, accurate and the narrow channel spacing, and the polarisation insensitiveness, so the large channel figure, high dependability and stableness, and being appropriate for the immense production ( Dragone in 1991 ) . [ 4 ] Because of the industry the AWG is established on graded photolithographic engineering, in the combination of the AWG gives so many benefits. Such as, Reduced packaging and fiction costs Dependability Large fiction Tolerances Concentration The most valuable benefits of the AWG besides include the controlled channel and exactly and the spacing, uniform the interpolation loss and simple and accurate wavelength in stabilisation. [ 4 ]3.3. ABOUT INTERLEAVER3.3.1 INTERLEAVER FUNCTIONL TYPESAll maps and filter types are common and periodic in frequence ( a ) Partition of channels end product to 1:4 or higher ( B ) Two different ports are used to divide even and uneven channels from Original interleaver. ( degree Celsius ) Asymmetric interleaver separates one channel. ( vitamin D ) Separates even and uneven sets of channels from banded interleaver, Figure 3.3.1.1 ( a ) Partition of channels end product to 1:4 or higher [ 10 ] Figure 3.3.1.2 ( B ) Two different ports are used to divide even and uneven channels from Original interleaver. [ 10 ] Figure 3.3.1.3 ( degree Celsius ) Asymmetric interleaver separates one channel. [ 10 ] Figure 3.3.1.4 ( vitamin D ) Separates even and uneven sets of channels from banded interleaver [ 10 ] In the optical communicating the effectual method for addition the transmittal capacity, was Dense wavelength division multiplexing ( DWDM ) . [ 10 ] The cyclic signals of the interleaver can be filter decreases the figure of channels. Fourier setup are necessary to the level base on balls set ( out put signal ) and high isolation rejection set. [ 10 ] These intreleavers contrasts in to merely impart bead and add filters. It can be making a individual narrow set of the filter more than a big rejection set. As a consequence of the interleaver needs for lesser Fourier setup, so the crisp border response higher order and same level top and narrow set filters can be understood with usage few subdivisions. [ 10 ] There are many assortments of the blocks of the interlever harmonizing to their maps. The initial design of combines ( or separates ) an uneven channels from even channels through the DWDM combiner. It is indicated by a 1:2 interleaver. In every channel there is cyclic separation and logical extension. Like as the 1:4 map Shown. The dissimilar discrepancy of the banded interleaver. Where the channel sets are separated and sporadically. [ 10 ] This is the really difficult to make and filtrate due to filters are roll off must be steeper in the relation to the filter clip. At last, in comparison with the old in three filters. The asymmetric filters can cyclically divide one channel. [ 10 ] Array Waveguide Gratings ( AWG ) s, and the DWDM devices such as thin movie filters ( TFFs ) and Fibre Bragg Gratings ( FBG ) s, are chiefly used for in systems with channel spacing to the no less than 100 GHz. [ 11 ] Can be spread out the transmittal ability, with lessening in the channel spacing. It is besides named interleaver. The input of the DWDM wavelengths can be separated by utilizing Interleaver. Each single channel is transmitted really high spot rate of traffic channels. Besides the chromatic scattering of the constituent is really low. [ 11 ]4. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF AWGThe panoplied wave guide grating base interleaver is includes of an array of narrow wave guides. Between a brace of Coupling zones or blending parts the signals are running closed each other. When cyclic wave guides running up to the 2nd commixture part, that input signals foremost enter the commixture part and where they are coupled. [ 6 ] After that the light transmitted to the 2nd commixture part. That part the moving ridge signal diffraction and in different angles of different wavelengths, it is similar to a diffraction grate. [ 6 ] The uniting part works as a lens to concentrate the diffracted beam in to a series of end product ports on the opposed side. Helpful mediation focuses beam of a uneven wavelength at merely one place on the opposite side, with the ports set up to garner beam at the expected wavelength span, such as typical optical channel slots for WDM. [ 6 ] The figure of channels and the figure of end product ports are divided ; when the channel spacing is multiplied by the figure of channels can be obtained free spectral scope of the device. The wave guides traveling among the two combination parts is larger than the figure of channels. [ 6 ] AWG is a planar-waveguide devise transporting out of high transmittal grates. Arrayed wave guides made in plastic, Si, silicon oxide or semiconducting material stuffs like as In phosphates. AWG as a planar wave guide device, it could be made monolithically and integrated with other constituents. [ 6 ]4.1 MULTIPLXER / DEMULTIPLEXERArrayed waveguide grates have obtained blessings for WDM with high channel calculates as their agreements permit low cost per channel than the methods footing on distinct optics. When in the research lab editions have reached really finally high channel calculates and the spacing, with channel spacing to 10 GHz and 100s of channels in a individual device. [ 6 ] Demultiplexing is the chief intent of the AWGs, with utilizing a individual input presenting a WDM signal and which is demultiplexed and the end product of the optical channels are divided among assorted end product wave guides. For multiplexing in AWGs, the constituent could be reversed with signals at stray wavelengths. And incoming stray port combined inside of the AWG. [ 6 ] Typical AWGs have base on balls sets. It is closely in Gaussian signifier. They are powerful faded beam from the nearby base on balls sets. Though, the perfect base on balls set for WDM has a level top conversely than the arched Gaussian extremum. The simplest channel to smoothing the extremum is convenient filtering by rectifying manner beam of visible radiation is carried to the input port, or by rectifying the lengths of the array weaponries of the AWG. [ 6 ] One option is to stick on an interleaver to split signals between brace of AWGs. Once is accepting the even channels and the other uneven channels. Another waveguide constituent or AWG is for excess filtering. [ 6 ] As the AWG demultiplexer Wavelength routing is the same rules. The of the panoplied wave guide grates diffraction angle depends geometry of the grating engineering every bit good as on the angle of the incidence. All the optical channels have to the same angle of incidence when they are come ining through the individual fibers. [ 6 ] On the other manus, those inputs signals have different incidence angles if the light enters to the input sociable through the two or more input ports, hence they are diffracted at the dissimilar angles as they appear from the panoplied wave guides grates in the end product of the sociable. When reroute and the rearrange to optical channels delivered by multiple inputs of fibers this consequence can be used to be easy. [ 6 ] Harmonizing to that the routing agreement is stiff, channels with the same wavelength wo n't interfere with the each other or to be routed in out of the same wave guide. [ 6 ]4.2 APPLICATIONS OF AWGArrayed wave guide grates ( AWG ) s are chiefly experimental used in optical fibre communicating systems or webs. In peculiar those based on the multi-channel transmittal with wavelength division multiplexing ( WDM ) . In single wavelength channels or channels must be used in combined or separated. It can be the portion of the more complex photonic integrated circuits ( e.g. WDM senders ) . Arrayed waveguide grating can be used for dividing or interleaving the lines in the spectrum of a ace continuum beginning, or in a pulse maker for extremist short pulsations.5. Operation OF AWGFigure 5.1 Array waveguide Gratings [ 10 ] Figure 5.2 Lens apparatus of an AWG [ 10 ] Waveguide constellation is formed on a substrate in the Arrayed wave guide grating. Include the undermentioned options in the wave guide constellation. In to the first slab can be arranged One or more optical input wave guides, and the end product side can be connected in to the first slab, one or more optical end product channel Arrayed wave guides, and that waveguides connected to the input side of the 2nd slab. From the catching visible radiation get downing the outside to the first slab and the waveguide propagate visible radiation at that place through. In the panoplied wave guide plenty many of wave guides in assorted lengths. And the 2nd slab wave guides are linked to end product border of the panoplied waveguide.Then the individual or more of the optical end product wave guides can organized. In the array waveguide grate of claim ( fibre optics ) where different in length from each other. And fibre optics is ( skiding ) concept in mutually-different stuffs. In the panoplied wave guide grate, fibres are separate from each other. Figure 5.3 Conventional representation position of the N X N AWG. [ 33 ] Figure 5.4 The Input / Output Free Propagation Region. [ 34 ] In usually AWG appliances such as serve the multiplexers, add-drop devices, demultiplexers and filters and the optical Wave Division Multiplexing ( WDM ) and the Dense Wave Division Multiplexing ( DWDM ) uses. Figure 5.3 shows a conventional illustration of the N x N AWG. The instrument includes of two curved in slab waveguide star couplings ( free infinite scope or free extension ranges, FSR ) , linked by a spell off array wave guide with the same length fluctuation among nearby Array wave guides. [ 4 ] The processing theory of the AWG multiplexers/demultiplexers can be explained in brief as below. In the input waveguide Light propagating is diffracted in coupled into the panoplied wave guide and the slab part by the 1st FSR. The panoplied wave guide has been planned like as the optical tract of the length fluctuation between nearby array wave guides equivalent an figure many of in-between wavelength of the demultiplexer. As a consequence, the field bringing at the input gap will be recreated at the end product opening. [ 4 ] So, at this in-between wavelength, the beam of light dressed ores in the center of the image surface ( presented that the input wave guide is in-between in the input surface ) . If the input wavelength is re tuned from this in-between wavelength, alterations of stage happen in the array subdivisions. Because of this steady tract of the length in fluctuation between nearby wave guides, this stage vary get higher linearly array wave-guides from the inner to outer, That may go on the moving ridge forepart to be slanting at the end product opening. [ 4 ] As a consequence, the cardinal point in the plane of image is moved left from the Centre. The pointing of the end product wave guides in the plane of image permits the suited farewell of the assorted among wavelengths. The input includes of a figure of channels, usually among 8 or 40 in industrial devices, transmitted on single frequences. Channel spacing is common in commercial devices. [ 2 ] Frequency spacing in has been attained harmonizing to laboratory state of affairss. The functioning wavelength is normally approximately 1.55 I?m which fading is least in fibre optics. Every wave guide in the AWG be probably to one manner to do certain expected extension throughout the machine. [ 2 ]5.1 BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS OF AWGWhen knowing of the working theory of AWG take in, it depends on the assorted stuffs, like as polymeric stuffs or silicon oxide, and design conditions. like as diffraction, length difference of nearby panoplied wave guides, chief length of the slab wave guide, free spectral scope ( FSR ) , and maximal value of input and the end product wavelength channels, the maximal figure of the array wave guides. The basic design parametric quantities are summarized in analytical equations as follows: [ 28 ]5.1.1 LENGTH DIFFERNCE OF AJACENT ARRAY WAVEGUIDThe way length fluctuation among nearby arrayed wave guides a?† L is given by the below look [ 13 ] Where nc – is the effectual refractile index of AWG, a?† L – is the way length difference between next arrayed wave guides i? ¬0 – is the centre wavelength of the panoplied wave guide, m – is the diffraction order,5.1.2 Free SPECTRAL RANGE ( FSR )Free spectral scope ( FSR ) is a important belongings of the AWG, demultiplexer cyclicity is the similar name to the FSR. This cyclicity is because of the information that create interface at the outside FSR can go on for a sum of wavelengths. The free spectral span indicates the frequence spacing and the wavelength among the upper limit of the interface theoretical account due to the cyclic qualities of the AWG transportation map, and could be get as follows. [ 4 ]Where,FSR – free spectral scope nc – effectual refractile index of AWG m – order of diffraction ng – group refractile index i? ¬0 – Centre wavelength of the panoplied wave guide5.2 TECHNICAL FIELDIn the communicating field of optical fiber, there can be used an panoplied wave guide grating while specified. In the current innovation connects for panoplied wave guide grate is pull offing the undertaking of the wavelength demultiplexing and multiplexing of optical signals of many wavelengths. [ 14 ] In the panoplied waveguide grating can be arranged one or more optical fiber input wave guides.In the first slab wave guides are linked to the optical input wave guides which is in the end product sides. And panoplied wave guide is linked to the end product side wave guides of first slab. And the 2nd slab wave guide are linked to the end product side of the panoplied wave guides. And there can be Arranged one or more optical fiber end product wave guides. [ 14 ] The panoplied wave guide is provided by the propagating of the light end product from and the plurality of wave guides and the first slab waveguide arranged. Nearby channel wave guides are assorted in lengths by predefined lengths. And the panoplied wave guide provides to the each one of signal for a stage fluctuation is in the panoplied wave guide grates. Normally, a big figure of channel wave guides are included the panoplied wave guide. [ 14 ] On the array wave guide grate, when the wavelength division multiplexed of optical signal including signals can be holding wavelengths I »1, I »2, I »3†¦ †¦ to†¦ . I »n. One optical input wave guide can be entered those wavelengths. Then after that this signal forwards to the optical input wave guides and in to the first slab wave guides. Then the signal is diffracted and spread by the first slab wave guide and it is transmitted to the panoplied wave guide to propagate there through. [ 14 ] After arrayed wave guide go throughing through, the signals enter the 2nd slab of wave guide in articulation of and so the end product from the optical wave guides. And the channel of the wave guides in the panoplied wave guides are all different in lengths, the stage difference between appears in each of the signals are that have passed through out of the panoplied wave guides. In Oder to this stage differences, the moving ridge forms foreparts of the signals are tilt. And this tilt angles are determines of the focal points of the signals. [ 14 ] In this ground of the central points of the signals are holding different different wavelengths differ from each other and the consequently optical end product of the wave guides are formed at the respective in the focal points. Within this constellation, the signals are different the wavelengths are an extracted by the optical end product wave guides severally. Then the completing of the map as a wavelength division demultiplexer of an panoplied wave guide grate. [ 14 ] The panoplied wave guide grates are taken by advantage of rule and the reversibility of optical circuits. And the panoplied wave guide grate besides handles in the map of the wavelength division multiplexers. And every bit good as wavelength division demultiplexer. The reversing in the above described in the process, when the signals are holding differing wavelengths I »1, I »2, I »3†¦ to†¦ .I »n enter several optical end product of the wave guides. The signals are passes through the above mentioned of the extension way in contrary. And in the 2nd wave guide slab, signals are multiplexed. And the panoplied wave guide and the first slab wave guides and end product of the optical fiber input wave guides. In by and large, as an panoplied wave guide grates are chiefly made of the silicon oxide based with glass. [ 14 ]6. Lab ExperimentIn the research lab experiment Opti system package was used to analyzing public presentation of Array Waveguide Based Interleaver. In here I used to AWG N x N multiplexer. An AWG N x N multiplexer construction is shown in Figure 6.1 Figure 6.1 Soft ware construction of AWG. Figure 6.2 Soft ware belongingss of AWG Chiefly in AWG can be configure as, Size – with N inputs between 2 and 1000 Configuration – Mux and De-mux Frequency – Between 30 and 300000 THz. Bandwidth – Numeral value between 0 and 1e+100 GHz. Frequency Spacing – Numeral value between -10000 and 10000 GHz. In practically we use of following sets and the wavelength ranges,SetDescriptionWavelength RangeO set Original 1260 to 1360 nanometer Tocopherol set Extended 1360 to 1460 nanometer S set Short Wavelengths 1460 t0 1530 nanometer C set Conventional ( â€Å" Er window † ) 1530 to 1565 nanometer L set Long Wavelengths 1565 to 1625 nanometer U set Ultra long Wavelength 1625 to 1675 nanometer * ( 1530 nm t0 1650 nm Dense WDM ) Table 6.1 Wavelength scopes [ 8 ] To the AWG can be input in N frequences. Each channel will go out through a different end product, harmonizing to its wavelengths and frequence. AWG input with an suited design, the channels will be issue and separated through assorted end products. In this experiment used the C set for practical.6.1 AWG WORK AS MULTIPLEXERFigure 6.1.1 Setup of AWG usage as Multiplexer Figure 6.1.2. End product of the five channels This subdivision, is described the experimental consequences of the multiplexer utilizing an AWG. Figure 6.1.3 shows of the experimental apparatus in rudimentss. In the experiment, separated two channel optical signals ( With utilizing optical Trans metres ) multiplexed by utilizing AWG. And the observation can be taken by the optical spectrum analyser. Figure 6.1.3 simple construction of the Simulation of AWG usage as mux. Figure 6.1.4 one of the end products of the two channels with spacing. Figure 6.1.5 one of the end products of the two channels with addition spacing. Input frequencies- 1530nm & A ; 1565nm In AWG, Configure Mux, Frequency- 1550nm. Change the frequence spacing of the optical sender. Wavelength ( A µm ) Frequency spacing ( nanometer ) Figure 6.1.6 frequence spacing and wavelength diagram The diagram shows the fluctuation of frequence spacing and wavelength. That is additive diagram.6.2 AWG WORK AS DE-MULTIPLEXERFigure 6.2.1 Setup of AWG usage as De Multiplexer Figure 6.2.2 End product of the three channels In this subdivision, described the experimental consequences of the AWG utilizing de multiplexer. Figure 6.2.3. shows the simple experimental apparatus. In this experiment, separated two channels input the multiplexer. In the end product of multiplexer in put the AWG.After that observes the end product of signal diagrams of optical spectrum analyser. The bearer wavelength of the channels 1 and 2 are 1530 nanometer and 1540 nanometer severally. For the Demux strategy, we used opt system soft ware a commercially available in AWG. The centre frequence of the AWG was set to the 1560 nanometer. And they perform desired to the Demux operation. Figure 6.2.3 simple construction of the Simulation AWG usage as de mux. Figure 6.2.4 two optical end product of the AWG de mux The figure shows the Separation between the bearers and the two sidebands. There can be seen by a considerable sum of the unsuppressed optical bearers. In this experiment, foremost filtered the bearer signal and the lower sideband of the channels 1 and 2 with utilizing the AWG as shown in Figure6.2.3 because we used an AWG, each demultiplexed channel can non be at the same time detected. The channel choice was made by seting the input ports of the AWG. The bearer and the sideband of the unsought channel are suppressed by the desired bearer and the sidebands of the channels severally. Figure6.2.5 frequence spacing and wavelength diagram The diagram shows the fluctuation of frequence spacing and wavelength. That is additive diagram. In here more clearly and shows the shifted in end product signals of the in-between wavelength through to the outside ushers. Figure proves the hypertrophied version of the in-between channel. AWG is includes of a diffraction of the lens and the grate and the slender end product split with a spatially modeled of the mask on extremum of the grates. This needed provides an end product of the temporal wave form. But that is a precisely scaled version of the input spacial profile at the grate. [ 15 ] In cherished of a cyclically ailing input of the spacial form creates a on a regular basis separated explode of pulsations. An AWG could be thought about to the incorporated pulsation signifier where the array wave guide relates to the grates of the lens grouping in the majority equipment and the AWG end product waveguide groups to the greater portion optics end product. [ 15 ] The spacial wave guide theoretical account next to the end product of the AWG array portion is correspondent to the cyclically moderated spacial visible radiation on the greater portion grating the optics ; this clarifies the close lucifer among the highly high velocity pulsation explodes made here via lighting of an AWG and antecedently utilizing pulse makers. And besides the greater portion optics such as the AWG is able of bring forthing legion spatially divided and wavelength moved but else the same transcripts of the pulse explode. [ 15 ] As this attitude for brand usage of an AWG is earlier undiscovered, it is important to in brief express the optical power effectivity. Mentioning to the effectivity for a lone end product channel is approximately known by the base on balls set breadth separated. When the setup is planned so that end product channels are spaced by, the legion end product channels is approximately. So, the entire optical power effectivity is known by the efficiency for a individual channel period the figure of channels as the consequence. [ 15 ] In reappraisal of the experiment, we have to uncover in the first clip for our acquisition, the coevals of trains of the pulsations at terahertz repeat velocity is likely from an AWG. The cardinal conditions are that the device must be modified. And the multiple filters of base on balls sets of the signal tantrum within the input of the optical maser bandwidth. And the end product pulse repeat frequence is equal to the free spectral scope, or every bit the antonym of the hold of an addition per direct in of the array waveguide part. [ 15 ] The end product temporal profile is invariant across different end products of the same device, but the in-between wavelength moves from one end product to the following with the measure of displacement given by the channel spacing of the device. [ 15 ] In the pulsation spectrum breadth of an single pulsations in the end product train is verified by the input pulse breadth. These sole belongingss are license for coevals of the same wavelength shifted and really high velocity of the pulsation trains for intercrossed TDM ( Time Division Multiplexing ) and the WDM ( Wavelength Division Multiplexing ) communications and photonic signal processing. In the hereafter, we anticipate that similar experiments may be performed with a high-repetition-rate of the beginning ( 10s of GHz ) , which lead to really closely spaced or even uninterrupted THzs pulse should split. [ 15 ]6.3 AWG WORK AS INTERLEAVERFigure 6.3.1 simple construction of the simulation of AWG usage as Interleaver. In this simmulation input the sevaral frequncy by utilizing optical transmetters. And fall in the ideal mux and AWG. Out put of the ideal mux showen in figure 6.3.2. there is seven ( 7 ) frequncies with multiplexed out put. Figure 6.3.2 optical end product of Mux Figure 6.3.3 optical end product of optical spectrum Analyzer. In this figure can place chief end product of four ( 4 ) frequences are interleaving. Figure 6.3.3 optical end product of optical spectrum Analyzer-1. In this figure can place chief end product of other three ( 3 ) frequences are interleaving.7. TIME PLANE8. CONCLUTIONIn the changing universe, most things are altering into electronic based systems and the easy portion of the operations. As the consequence of this, optical fibres are usage to communicating. Now a twenty-four hours ‘s optical fibres are overlap with applied scientific discipline and technology designs and the applications of the equipments. In this undertaking is investigated theoretically the basic design parametric quantities of panoplied wave guide grate ( AWG ) with utilizing opti system package. In the experiments used the C-band ‘s spectral scope ( from 1530 nanometer to 1565 nanometer ) . And have been demonstrated theoretically that the lower limit of the diffraction order and the maximal figure of the input and the end product wavelength channels, and so the maximal figure of the panoplied wave guides. Besides have to look into the optimisation design and the parametric quantities of AWG for a C-band application. By utilizing opti system package comparing the fluctuation of frequence spacing and wavelength constellation with AWG. That configures with two types, multiplexer and the de multiplexers. Got readings with altering frequence spacing. Those are additive diagrams. The ground for that frequence spacing fluctuation is additive for both multiplexrs and de multiplexer constellations in AWG. The cognition was addition about the how to work with the soft ware and the constituents can be use in imitating procedure by utilizing opti system package.9. Reference[ 1 ] Yinchieh Lai. â€Å" Arrayed wave guide grating DWDM interleaver † , OFC 2001 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Technical Digest Postconference Edition ( IEEE ) , 2001 [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nottingham.ac.uk/ggiemr/downloads/SL_chapt2.pdf [ 3 ] Xaveer J. M. Leijtens. â€Å" Arrayed Waveguide Gratings † , Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 2006 [ 4 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.apollophoton.com/apollo/APNT/APN-APSS-AWG.pdf [ 5 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.comsoc.org/ci/private/1998/dec/Sadot.html [ 6 ] Hecht, Jeff. â€Å" New household of constituents emerge from arrayed waveguide grates: interior decorator are utilizing AWGs to make a † , Laser Focus World, Dec 2003 Issue [ 7 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scipub.org/fulltext/ajeas/ajeas22317-323.pdf [ 8 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber [ 9 ] O. Moriwaki. â€Å" Interleaved Waveband MUX/DEMUX Developed on Single Arrayed-Waveguide Grating † , OFC/NFOEC 2008 – 2008 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 02/2008 [ 10 ] S. Cao. â€Å" Interleaver Technology: Comparisons and Applications Requirements † , Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2004 [ 11 ] Wang, Q.. â€Å" Optimal design of a flat-top interleaver based on cascaded M-Z interferometers by utilizing a familial algorithm † , Optics Communications, 20030901 [ 12 ] Qin, Z.-K.. â€Å" Analysis for fiction mistakes of panoplied wave guide grating multiplexers † , Optics and Laser Technology, 200803 [ 13 ] D.E. Leaird. â€Å" Generation of high-repetition-rate WDM pulsation trains from an arrayed-waveguide grate † , IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 3/2001 [ 14 ] A. Kaneko et Al, â€Å" Recent advancement on AWGs for DWDM applications, † IEICE trans. Vol.E83-C, no.6, 2000. [ 15 ] ITU-T specification study G.709 and G.975 [ 16 ] Journal of Light wave Technology, Vol.21, No.8, Aug 2003 [ 17 ] E. S. Koteles, â€Å" Integrated two-dimensional wave guide demultiplexers for high denseness WDM applications, † Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol.18, pp. 1999. [ 18 ] John M. Senior â€Å" Optical FiberCommunication † [ 19 ] IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2001 [ 20 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber [ 21 ] Y. Inoue, H. Takahashi, and et Al: â€Å" Elimination of polarisation sensitiveness in silicabased wavelength division multiplexer utilizing a polyimide half waveplate, † J. Lightwave Technology, vol.15, no.3, pp1947-1957, 1997. [ 22 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.freepatentsonline.com/7539368.html [ 23 ] C. Doer et al. , IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett.11, 581 ( 1999 ) . [ 24 ] ] K. Takada et al. , IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett.az13, 1182 ( 2001 ) . [ 25 ] C. Dragone- optical multiplexer and two-dimensional agreement of two star couplings, IEEE Phot. vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 812-815, 1991. [ 26 ] M. K. Smit and A. R. Vellekoop – Four channel integrated-optic wavelength multiplexer with weak polarisation dependance, Lightwave Technology. , vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 310-314, 1991. [ 27 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/winter2002/04.html [ 28 ] Rajiv Ramaswami & A ; Kumar N. Sivarajan. , â€Å" Optical Networks † [ 29 ] M. K. Smit and C. van Dam, â€Å" PHASAR-Based WDM-Devices: Principles, Design and Applications † , IEEE J. of Sel. Subjects in Q.E. , vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 236-250, 1996. [ 30 ] IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol.17, No.12, Dec 2005 [ 31 ] Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia-VOL. 10, NO. 2, 2008. [ 32 ] K. Okamoto, Fundamentals of optical wave guides, New York: Academic, pp. 359, 2000. [ 33 ] P. MuE?noz, D. Pastor and J. Capmany, â€Å" Analysis and design of panoplied wave guide grates with MMI couplings † Optical Communications Group Universidad PolitA?ecnica de Vera signal-to-noise ratio, 4607 [ 34 ] S.Musa, Borreman, † Multimode arrayed waveguide greating demultiplexer ‘ , University of Twente, Light wawe Devices Group. [ 35 ] H. Takahashi, â€Å" Arrayed wave guide grating for wavelength division multiplexer with nanometer declaration, † Electron. Lett. , vol. 26, pp. 87-88, 1990. [ 36 ] www.oplink.com/shop/images/uploads/AWG50.JPG [ 37 ] C. Dragone, optical multiplexer utilizing a two-dimensional agreement of two star, IEEE Photon. ( 1991 )